Develop a food forest by selecting suitable trees, ensuring proper spacing, and incorporating native plants for biodiversity, while considering environmental factors and ongoing maintenance for sustainable growth.
We would like to use what we call the long paddock, which goes down along one edge of the bridge and then down a hill towards the boundary of the property in the northwest. This has a good aspect and will provide an interesting food forest foundation by allowing us to have winding tracks for exploration and access. The prevailing wind tends to come from the westerly direction, so we will need to watch for the cold chill of this westerly breeze, but with the close proximity of the native forest, we might find that there is some shelter from the wind in some areas.
The area is about 3.5 to 4 acres.
Tree selection is still under consideration. We would like Apples, Stone Fruits, Walnuts, and Almonds. There is a very well-established chestnut tree here already, maybe 40 years old, that produces a bountiful harvest.
Relevant Permaculture Principles
All permaculture principles inform all aspect of the permaculture design and operations—these more so than others.
Ensure that you are getting truly useful rewards as part of the work that you are doing.
By stepping back, we can observe patterns in nature and society. These can form the backbone of our designs, with the details filled in as we go.
By putting the right things in the right place, relationships develop between them and they support each other.
The interface between things is where the most interesting events take place. These are often the most valuable, diverse and productive elements in the system.
Live simply so others may simply live - living within limits and distribute the surplus.
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Nut Tree Selections
Highest Suitability
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana)
- Description: Hazelnut trees are medium-sized deciduous trees that grow to about 3-8 meters in height. They have broad, heart-shaped leaves with a serrated edge. The nuts are produced in clusters, each encased in a fibrous husk that splits open when the nuts are ripe. Hazelnuts are small, round to oval, with a hard, smooth shell and a sweet, creamy kernel inside. They are highly valued for their rich flavor and are used in a variety of culinary applications, including baking, confectionery, and oil production.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, lemon balm, yarrow.
- Preparation: Choose a sunny spot with well-drained soil. Add organic matter to improve soil structure.
- Planting: Space trees 4-5 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to remove dead or crossing branches and to shape the tree.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.
This cultivar prefers a cool temperate climate and is well-suited to thrive in such conditions. It has been found to adapt to various altitudes, demonstrating its versatility in different environments.
Prefers cool temperate climates and can thrive at various altitudes.
The Barcelona hazelnut cultivar prefers cool temperate climates and is well-suited to a range of altitudes.
It prefers a cool temperate climate and can thrive at various altitudes.
The White Lambert (Barcelona group) (Hazelnut cultivar) prefers a cool temperate climate and is suitable for various altitudes.
Prefers cool temperate climates and can thrive at various altitudes.
Chestnut (Castanea sativa)
- Description: The chestnut tree is a large, deciduous tree that can reach up to 30 meters in height. It has large, toothed leaves and produces spiky burs that contain one to three shiny, brown nuts. Chestnuts are unique among nuts for their high starch content and sweet, nutty flavor. They can be eaten raw, roasted, or used in a variety of dishes, both sweet and savory. Chestnut trees are also valued for their wood, which is used in furniture and construction.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, garlic, yarrow.
- Preparation: Select a site with well-drained, slightly acidic soil. Amend with compost.
- Planting: Space trees 9-12 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Minimal pruning needed. Remove any dead or diseased branches.
- Other Suggestions: Protect young trees from frost and wind. Ensure good air circulation.
The Chinese chestnut, scientifically known as Castanea mollissima, is a tree that grows up to 20 meters tall. It is known for its sweeter-tasting nut compared to the European chestnut and its high resistance to the root fungus Phytophthera spp. It is well-suited for cool temperate climates and belongs to the genus of chestnuts in the nut grouping.
Castanea crenata, also known as the Japanese chestnut, is a smaller tree that thrives in cool temperate climates. It belongs to the genus of chestnuts and is classified as a nut. This tree is known for its ability to coppice well and has strains that yield abundant and high-quality nut crops.
Castanea sativa, commonly known as Spanish chestnut or sweet chestnut, is a large, spreading tree prized for its timber and nut yields. It can reach heights of up to 35 meters and has a girth of 1 to 3 meters. The chestnuts can be eaten raw or prepared through roasting, boiling, drying, or pickling, and they provide various nutritional benefits.
Walnuts
Walnut trees generally take several years before they begin to produce nuts. Here are the typical timelines for different walnut species:
- Juglans regia (Persian or English walnut): Typically begins producing nuts after 4-7 years.
- Juglans nigra (Eastern black walnut): Generally takes 10-12 years to start producing nuts.
- Juglans hindsii (North Californian walnut): Can start producing nuts in about 7-10 years.
- Juglans australis (Argentine walnut): Similar to the Persian walnut, it can start producing nuts in around 4-7 years.
Keep in mind that these timelines can vary based on factors such as tree care, soil quality, climate conditions, and whether the tree was grown from seed or a grafted sapling. Grafted trees often produce nuts earlier than seed-grown trees.
White walnut - Butternut (Juglans cinerea)
- Description: The butternut tree, also known as white walnut, is a medium-sized deciduous tree that typically grows to about 12-18 meters tall. It has compound leaves with 11-17 leaflets and produces elongated, sticky, green-husked fruits that contain an edible nut. The nuts are rich and oily with a buttery flavor, commonly used in baking and cooking. Butternut trees also have attractive wood that is often used in furniture and woodworking.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, garlic, yarrow.
- Preparation: Choose a site with well-drained, deep soil. Incorporate organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 12-15 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to remove dead or damaged branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to conserve moisture and control weeds. Protect from rodents.
Heartnut (Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis)
- Description: The heartnut tree is a variant of the Japanese walnut, known for its heart-shaped nuts. It is a medium-sized deciduous tree, growing up to 15 meters tall with compound leaves that have 11-19 leaflets. The nuts are encased in a green husk that splits open when mature, revealing a smooth, thin shell that is easier to crack than other walnut species. The kernels have a mild, sweet flavor and are used similarly to other walnuts in baking and cooking.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, marigold, tansy.
- Preparation: Select a site with well-drained, fertile soil. Add organic matter if needed.
- Planting: Space trees 10-15 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to maintain shape and remove any dead wood.
- Other Suggestions: Ensure good drainage to prevent root rot. Protect from late frosts.
Walnut (Juglans regia)
- Description: The English walnut tree is a large, deciduous tree that can grow up to 25-35 meters tall. It has pinnate leaves with 5-9 leaflets and produces round nuts encased in a green, fleshy husk that turns brown and splits open as the nuts mature. The walnuts have a hard shell with a rich, flavorful kernel inside, commonly used in baking, cooking, and as a nutritious snack. Walnut wood is also highly valued for its quality and is used in high-end furniture and cabinetry.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, garlic, yarrow.
- Preparation: Select a site with deep, well-drained soil. Incorporate organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 12-18 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to remove dead or crossing branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to conserve moisture and suppress weeds. Protect from late frosts.
Juglans regia, also known as the Persian walnut or English walnut, is a slow-growing, broad-crowned tree that can reach heights of up to 24 meters. It produces round nuts with a hard shell and a flavorful kernel that is commonly used in cooking and baking. The wood of this tree is highly valued for its decorative grain and durability, making it sought after for furniture and cabinetry.
The butternut tree, also known as white walnut, is a medium-sized deciduous tree that produces elongated, green-husked fruits containing edible nuts with a rich and buttery flavor. It has compound leaves with 11-17 leaflets and is suitable for cool temperate climates. The tree's attractive wood is often used in furniture and woodworking.
Juglans nigra, commonly known as eastern black walnut, is a fast-growing tree native to North America. It produces large, flavorful nuts that retain their taste when cooked. The tree also has valuable timber, although it is less visually appealing compared to other walnut species.
The Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis, also known as Heartnut, is a medium-sized deciduous tree that produces heart-shaped nuts with a mild flavor. It grows up to 15 meters tall and has compound leaves with 11-19 leaflets. The nuts are encased in a green husk that splits open when mature, making them easier to crack compared to other walnut species.
Hickory (Carya ovata)
- Description: The shagbark hickory is a tall, deciduous tree reaching up to 30 meters in height, known for its distinctive peeling bark. It produces large, compound leaves with five to seven leaflets and bears hard-shelled nuts that are enclosed in a thick, green husk. The nuts have a rich, buttery flavor and are prized for their culinary uses, especially in baking and as a snack. Hickory wood is also highly valued for its strength and is commonly used in tool handles and furniture.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, garlic, yarrow.
- Preparation: Choose a sunny site with well-drained soil. Amend with compost.
- Planting: Space trees 12-15 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in winter to remove dead or damaged branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Protect young trees from strong winds.
Hickory (Carya ovata) is a tall, deciduous tree known for its distinctive peeling bark and large compound leaves. It produces hard-shelled nuts with a rich, buttery flavor and is prized for its culinary uses. Hickory wood is highly valued for its strength and is commonly used in tool handles and furniture.
High Suitability
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)
- Description: The pecan tree is a large, deciduous tree that can reach heights of 20-40 meters, known for its long lifespan and towering presence. It has pinnate leaves with 9-17 leaflets and produces clusters of oblong, thin-shelled nuts encased in a green husk that turns brown as it matures. Pecans have a rich, buttery flavor and are a favorite ingredient in pies, confections, and as a snack. The wood of the pecan tree is also prized for its hardness and is used in furniture and flooring.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, marigold, tansy.
- Preparation: Choose a site with deep, well-drained soil. Amend with organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 12-18 meters apart. Plant in early spring.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to remove dead or weak branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Protect young trees from frost and wind.
Stuart is a pecan cultivar known for its vigorous growth and high suitability to cool temperate climates. Although it takes some time to start producing, it is a mid-season variety with average-sized nuts. Stuart has a growing season of 180-200 days and benefits from pollinisers such as Cherokee, Moore, and Cheyenne.
Success is an old cultivar of pecans known for its moderately vigorous growth habit. It is a mid-season variety that produces large nuts, although they are often poorly filled. This pecan cultivar has a growing season of 200-210 days and is susceptible to disease. It requires pollinisers such as Candy, Chickasaw, and Shoshoni.
The Desirable pecan cultivar is known for its open and spreading form. It is a consistent producer of fairly large and attractive nuts, which have a good flavor. Additionally, it serves as an excellent early pollinizer.
Fruit Tree Selections
Highest Suitability
Apple (Malus domestica)
- Description: The apple tree is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, typically growing 4-12 meters in height. It has broad, oval leaves and produces fragrant, white to pink flowers in the spring. The fruit is round and can vary in size, color, and taste, ranging from sweet to tart. Apples are one of the most widely cultivated fruits and are used fresh, in cooking, baking, and for making cider. They are rich in vitamins and fiber, making them a popular and nutritious snack.
- Companions: Comfrey, chamomile, nasturtium, yarrow.
- Preparation: Select a sunny site with well-drained soil. Amend with compost.
- Planting: Space trees 3-4 meters apart (dwarf) or 6-8 meters apart (standard). Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter or early spring to shape the tree and remove dead or diseased wood.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to conserve moisture. Use tree guards to protect from pests.
Granny Smith apples, scientifically known as Malus domestica, are popular for their bright green skin, tart taste, and crisp texture. They thrive in cool to temperate climates and prefer well-drained loamy soils. As a vigorous and productive variety, Granny Smith apples are not only great for fresh consumption but also for cooking, as they retain their shape well in various recipes.
Fuji apples, scientifically known as Malus domestica, are large and crisp with a dense texture. They have a yellow-green background with red highlights and are known for their exceptional sweetness. These apples thrive in cool temperate climates, preferring well-drained, fertile loam soils. With their long shelf life and excellent eating quality, Fuji apples are versatile for both baking and salads.
Gala apples, scientifically known as Malus domestica, are small to medium-sized apples with a thin, tender skin that is usually red with yellow stripes. They thrive in cool to temperate climates with warm days and cool nights, and they prefer well-drained loamy soils with good fertility. Gala apples are known for their sweet and aromatic taste, along with a fine, crisp texture, making them perfect for fresh eating and salads.
The Honeycrisp apple, also known as Malus domestica, is a popular variety known for its large size, crisp texture, and sweet-tart flavor. It thrives in cool temperate climates and prefers well-drained, loamy soils. With its distinctive red and yellow skin, the Honeycrisp apple is excellent for fresh eating, salads, and cooking, and it has the added benefit of being able to be stored for a long time.
Golden Delicious (Malus domestica) is a popular apple variety known for its medium to large size, pale golden-yellow skin, and sweet, rich flavor. It has a crisp and juicy texture, making it ideal for various culinary uses such as fresh eating, baking, and salads. This apple variety is well-suited to cool temperate climates and is highly adaptable, thriving in well-drained, fertile loam soils. Additionally, Golden Delicious apples are revered for their ability to pollinate other apple varieties.
Jonathan apples (Malus domestica) are medium-sized apples with a bright red skin. They have a sweet-tart flavor and a crisp, juicy texture. These apples are well-suited to cool temperate climates and thrive in well-drained, fertile soils. They are versatile and can be enjoyed fresh, used for baking, or turned into cider. Additionally, Jonathan apples are known for their good storage qualities.
Pink Lady apples, scientifically known as Malus domestica, thrive in cool to temperate climates and require a long growing season. With their distinctive pink skin, sweet-tart flavor, and crisp, juicy texture, they are highly versatile for fresh consumption, baking, and salads. These apples have excellent storage capabilities and maintain their quality over time.
Braeburn apples, scientifically known as Malus domestica, are medium to large-sized apples with a red-orange skin over a yellow background. They have a crisp, firm texture and a balanced sweet-tart flavor. These versatile apples are suitable for various uses, such as fresh eating, cooking, and baking, and they have a good storage life.
Pear (Pyrus communis)
- Description: The European pear tree is a medium-sized deciduous tree that can grow up to 10-17 meters tall. It has glossy, oval leaves and produces white flowers in clusters during the spring. The fruit is typically elongated with a smooth, thin skin that can range in color from green to yellow, red, or brown. Pears have a sweet, juicy flesh and are commonly eaten fresh, canned, or used in desserts and salads. They are also valued for their high dietary fiber content.
- Companions: Clover, dill, fennel, lemon balm.
- Preparation: Choose a sunny site with well-drained soil. Incorporate organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 3-4 meters apart (dwarf) or 6-8 meters apart (standard). Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in winter to shape the tree and remove dead or crossing branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Protect from wind and frost.
Forelle pears, also known as Pyrus communis, are small to medium-sized fruits with a red blush on their greenish-yellow skin. They have a crisp, sweet, and juicy flesh with a slight tartness, making them perfect for fresh eating and salads. These pears thrive in cool to temperate climates and prefer well-drained, fertile loam soils. Forelle trees are hardy, productive, and well-suited to cooler climates.
Seckel pears, scientifically known as Pyrus communis, are small and bite-sized with a russeted skin ranging from yellowish-brown to maroon. They have firm, sweet, and spicy flesh, making them ideal for fresh eating, pickling, and canning. These pears thrive in cooler climates, with hardy and productive trees that are well-suited to cool temperate regions.
Concorde pears (Pyrus communis) are well-suited to cool temperate climates and thrive in well-drained, loamy soils. They have medium to large fruits with a distinctive tapering neck and smooth, green skin. The flesh is dense, crisp, and sweet, with a delightful vanilla-like flavor. Concorde trees are known for their hardiness, productivity, and reliable yields of high-quality fruit, making them a popular choice for both fresh consumption and various culinary uses.
The Red Bartlett pear (Pyrus communis) is a variety of pear with a vibrant red skin. It is known for its sweet, juicy, and aromatic flesh, making it perfect for eating fresh or using in various culinary applications. This pear thrives in cool to temperate climates with well-drained loamy soils, and its vigorous and productive trees add a beautiful touch to orchards and markets.
Anjou pears are a variety of pear that thrives in cool temperate climates. They have a distinct short and squat shape with smooth green skin. The flesh is firm, juicy, and sweet, making them perfect for various culinary uses. Anjou trees are known for their productivity, long storage life, and consistent quality.
Comice pears, scientifically known as Pyrus communis, are large and round fruits with a smooth, greenish-yellow skin that may have a red blush. They are highly regarded for their exceptional taste, with buttery, juicy, and very sweet flesh. Comice trees thrive in cool to temperate climates and prefer well-drained, fertile loam soils. They are known for producing high-quality fruit, making them a popular choice for fresh eating and desserts.
Bosc pears (Pyrus communis) are a variety of pear known for their distinct long, tapering neck and russeted brown skin. They thrive in cool to temperate climates and prefer well-drained, fertile loam soils. The dense, crisp flesh of Bosc pears offers a sweet, spicy flavor, making them ideal for various culinary uses like fresh eating, baking, and poaching. These trees are hardy, productive, and particularly well-suited to cooler climates.
Bartlett (Pyrus communis) is a popular pear variety known for its bell-shaped fruit with smooth, yellow skin that turns golden when fully ripe. The sweet, juicy, and aromatic flesh makes it perfect for fresh eating, canning, and cooking. Bartlett trees thrive in cool to temperate climates with mild winters and warm summers, and they prefer well-drained loamy soils with good fertility and organic matter.
Plum (Prunus domestica)
- Description: The European plum tree is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, usually growing 4-10 meters tall. It has oval, serrated leaves and produces white to pale pink flowers in the spring. The fruit is a drupe, varying in size and color from purple to red, yellow, or green, with a sweet or tart flavor. Plums can be eaten fresh, dried (as prunes), or used in cooking and baking. They are known for their high antioxidant content and health benefits.
- Companions: Borage, garlic, marigold, tansy.
- Preparation: Select a sunny site with well-drained soil. Add compost if needed.
- Planting: Space trees 3-5 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in early spring to remove dead or diseased wood and to shape the tree.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Protect from frost.
Cherry (Prunus avium)
- Description: The sweet cherry tree is a medium-sized deciduous tree that typically grows 10-15 meters tall. It has serrated, oval leaves and produces clusters of white flowers in the spring. The fruit is small, round, and typically red or yellow, with a sweet, juicy flesh. Cherries are commonly eaten fresh, used in desserts, preserves, and as a garnish. They are rich in vitamins and antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory properties.
- Companions: Chives, dandelion, lemon balm, marigold.
- Preparation: Choose a sunny site with well-drained soil. Incorporate organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 4-6 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to early spring to remove dead or crossing branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Use bird netting to protect fruit.
The Black Tartarian cherry, scientifically known as Prunus avium, is a fruit tree that thrives in cool to temperate climates. It produces medium to large cherries with dark purple to black skin and sweet, juicy flesh, making them ideal for fresh consumption and preserving. These vigorous and productive trees are commonly used as pollinators for other sweet cherry varieties.
Morello cherries, scientifically known as Prunus cerasus, are a sour cherry variety originating in Europe. They have a dark red to almost black skin and their tart, juicy flesh makes them ideal for baking, preserves, and juice. These hardy and productive trees thrive in cool to temperate climates and prefer well-drained, fertile loam soils.
Sweetheart (Prunus avium) is a variety of cherry known for its large, heart-shaped fruits with bright red skin and sweet, juicy flesh. It thrives in cool temperate climates and prefers well-drained loamy soils. With its long shelf life, resistance to cracking, and self-fertile nature, Sweetheart cherries are an excellent choice for growers in cooler regions.
Montmorency (Prunus cerasus) is a popular sour cherry variety known for its bright red skin and tart, juicy yellow flesh. It thrives in cool to temperate climates and prefers well-drained, fertile loam soils. Montmorency cherries are excellent for baking, preserves, and juice, and the trees are hardy, productive, and well-suited to cooler climates.
Stella cherries (Prunus avium) are large, heart-shaped fruits with dark red skin and sweet, juicy flesh. They are self-fertile, making them suitable for smaller orchards, and thrive in cool to temperate climates. Stella trees are hardy, vigorous, and productive, making them an excellent choice for those in cooler regions.
Rainier (Prunus avium) is a popular cherry cultivar known for its large, yellow fruit with a red blush. It has firm, sweet, and juicy flesh, making it a favorite for fresh eating and desserts. This cherry tree thrives in cool to temperate climates and prefers well-drained loamy soils with good fertility. However, it requires careful management in cooler climates due to its susceptibility to fruit cracking.
Lapins cherries are a variety of Prunus avium that thrive in cool to temperate climates. They produce large, dark red fruits with firm, juicy flesh that is sweet and flavorful. Lapins trees are self-fertile, vigorous, and known for their resistance to cracking, making them a popular choice for cooler climates.
Bing cherries (Prunus avium) are a popular variety of sweet cherries known for their large, heart-shaped fruits that range in color from deep red to black. They thrive in cool temperate climates and prefer well-drained loamy soils, making them highly productive in suitable environments.
High Suitability
Fig (Ficus carica)
The common fig tree is a deciduous shrub or small tree that can grow up to 3-9 meters tall. It has large, deeply lobed leaves and produces unique, pear-shaped fruits that are green, purple, or brown when ripe. The flesh is sweet and rich, with a soft, chewy texture and numerous small seeds. Figs are eaten fresh or dried and are used in baking, cooking, and preserves. They are known for their high fiber content and nutritional benefits.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, lemon balm, marigold.
- Preparation: Choose a sunny, sheltered site with well-drained soil. Amend with compost.
- Planting: Space trees 3-5 meters apart. Plant in spring.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to shape the tree and remove any dead wood.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to conserve moisture. Protect from frost.
The Ficus carica, commonly known as the fig tree, is an ancient plant with over 700 varieties. It is a deciduous tree that thrives in warm temperate and subtropical regions, but can also adapt to cool temperate climates. The fig tree can reach a height of 5-10 meters and produces sweet, edible fruits that can be eaten fresh, dried, or frozen. It is tolerant of drought and can live up to 100 years, making it a versatile and long-lasting addition to gardens.
The Black Mission fig (Ficus carica 'Black Mission') is a versatile fruit tree that thrives in warm temperate to cool temperate climates. It has dark purple to black skin and sweet, pinkish-red flesh, known for its rich flavor. This vigorous and productive tree is well-suited for cooler climates with proper winter protection.
The Brown Turkey fig (Ficus carica 'Brown Turkey') is a versatile fruit tree that thrives in cool to warm temperate climates. It produces delicious figs with brownish-purple skin and sweet, amber flesh, ideal for fresh consumption, drying, and cooking. With its hardiness and productivity, the Brown Turkey fig is well-suited for cooler regions.
Celeste figs, also known as Ficus carica 'Celeste', are a variety of fig trees that thrive in cool to warm temperate climates. They produce small to medium-sized figs with light purple to brown skin and delicious, sweet, amber flesh. Celeste trees are hardy, productive, and well-suited for cooler climates with proper care.
The Kadota fig, scientifically known as Ficus carica 'Kadota', is a variety of fig tree that originated in Italy and is widely grown. It thrives in warm temperate to cool temperate climates and prefers well-drained, fertile loamy soils. The figs produced by the Kadota tree have greenish-yellow skin, sweet and rich amber flesh, and are highly versatile for fresh eating, canning, and making preserves. This variety is known for its vigor, productivity, and ability to withstand cooler climates with proper frost protection.
The Adriatic fig (Ficus carica 'Adriatic') is a variety of fig tree that originated in the Mediterranean. It thrives in warm to cool temperate climates and prefers well-drained, loamy soils. The figs of the Adriatic variety have green skin and sweet, flavorful pink to red flesh, making them ideal for fresh eating and drying. These hardy and productive trees are well-suited for cooler climates.
Mulberry (Morus spp.)
- Description: Mulberry trees are medium-sized, deciduous trees that can grow up to 10-15 meters tall. They have broad, lobed leaves and produce small, clustered fruits that resemble blackberries, varying in color from white to red to black. Mulberries are sweet and juicy, often eaten fresh or used in pies, jams, and wines. They are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and have been used in traditional medicine for their health benefits.
- Companions: Comfrey, clover, lemon balm, marigold.
- Preparation: Select a sunny site with well-drained soil. Incorporate organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 4-6 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to shape the tree and remove dead or diseased branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Protect from frost.
Red Mulberry (Morus rubra) is a fruit-bearing tree native to eastern and central United States. It produces sweet and juicy dark red to black fruits that are commonly used for fresh eating, preserves, and desserts. This hardy tree thrives in a range of soil conditions and is well-suited for cool to warm temperate climates.
The black mulberry, also known as Morus nigra or English mulberry, is a small rounded tree native to Persia. It produces dark purple to black fruits that are sweet, tangy, and juicy, perfect for fresh eating, preserves, and baking. With a high suitability to cool temperate climates, this hardy and long-lived tree thrives in well-drained, fertile loamy soils rich in organic matter.
The white mulberry (Morus alba) is a fast-growing shade tree native to China. It produces sweet and juicy light-colored fruits that are commonly used in desserts and jams. With its tolerance to various soil conditions and suitability to cool temperate climates, the white mulberry is a versatile and valuable plant for cultivation.
These mulberry varieties are well-suited to cool temperate climates, offering a range of flavors and uses, from fresh eating to making preserves and baking.
Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.)
- Description: Serviceberry trees, also known as Juneberries or Saskatoons, are small deciduous trees or large shrubs that can grow up to 4-10 meters tall. They have smooth, oval leaves and produce clusters of white flowers in the spring, followed by small, round, purple-black berries. The berries are sweet and juicy, similar to blueberries, and are eaten fresh, used in baking, or made into jams and jellies. They are high in vitamins and antioxidants.
- Companions: Clover, comfrey, marigold, nasturtium.
- Preparation: Choose a site with well-drained soil, either full sun or partial shade. Amend with compost.
- Planting: Space trees 3-4 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to early spring to maintain shape and remove dead wood.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to conserve moisture. Protect from frost.
Quince (Cydonia oblonga)
- Description: The quince tree is a small, deciduous tree or large shrub that typically grows 3-6 meters tall. It has broad, oval leaves and produces large, fragrant, pale pink flowers in the spring. The fruit is yellow, pear-shaped, and has a hard, aromatic flesh that is typically cooked before eating. Quinces are used in jams, jellies, and desserts, and have a high pectin content, making them ideal for preserves. They are also rich in vitamins and antioxidants.
- Companions: Lemon balm, marigold, comfrey, clover.
- Preparation: Select a sunny site with well-drained soil. Incorporate organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 4-5 meters apart. Plant in early spring or autumn.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to shape the tree and remove any dead or diseased branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Protect from frost.
Low suitability Plants (with Suitable Cultivars)
Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)
- Description: The pawpaw tree is a small, deciduous tree that can grow up to 10 meters tall. It has large, oblong leaves and produces maroon, bell-shaped flowers in the spring. The fruit is large, green, and oval-shaped, with a creamy, custard-like flesh that tastes like a mix of banana, mango, and melon. Pawpaws are eaten fresh or used in desserts, and are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
- Suitable Cultivars: 'Sunflower', 'NC-1', 'Pennsylvania Golden'
- 'Sunflower': Known for its cold hardiness and self-fertility.
- 'NC-1': Selected for its early ripening and good cold tolerance.
- 'Pennsylvania Golden': Early ripening and good performance in cooler climates.
- Preparation: Choose a sheltered spot with rich, well-drained soil. Amend with organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 3-4 meters apart. Plant in spring.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to remove dead or damaged branches.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Protect from frost.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum)
- Description: The pomegranate tree is a small, deciduous shrub or tree that grows up to 5-8 meters tall. It has glossy, lance-shaped leaves and produces bright red, tubular flowers. The fruit is round, with a thick, leathery skin that ranges in color from yellow to deep red. Inside, it contains numerous seeds surrounded by juicy, tart-sweet arils. Pomegranates are eaten fresh, juiced, or used in cooking and baking, and are known for their high antioxidant content.
- Suitable Cultivars: 'Russian 26', 'Kazake', 'Salavatski'
- 'Russian 26': Noted for its cold hardiness and ability to withstand lower temperatures.
- 'Kazake': Known for exceptional cold tolerance.
- 'Salavatski': Another cold-hardy variety suitable for cooler climates.
- Preparation: Select a sunny, sheltered site with well-drained soil. Amend with compost.
- Planting: Space trees 3-4 meters apart. Plant in spring.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to shape the tree and remove dead wood.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to conserve moisture. Protect from frost.
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki)
- Description: The persimmon tree is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree that can grow up to 10-15 meters tall. It has broad, glossy leaves and produces small, bell-shaped flowers in the spring. The fruit is round or oval, with a smooth, glossy skin that ranges from yellow to deep orange. The flesh is sweet and jelly-like when fully ripe. Persimmons are eaten fresh, dried, or used in baking and cooking, and are rich in vitamins and antioxidants.
- Suitable Cultivars: 'Nikita’s Gift', 'Saijo', 'Ichi-Ki-Kei-Jiro'
- 'Nikita’s Gift': A hybrid with good cold tolerance, suitable for colder climates.
- 'Saijo': Known for better cold hardiness compared to other Asian persimmons.
- 'Ichi-Ki-Kei-Jiro': Dwarf variety with improved cold tolerance.
- Preparation: Choose a sunny site with well-drained soil. Amend with organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 4-5 meters apart. Plant in spring.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to remove dead or damaged branches.
- Suitable Cultivars Details:
Almond (Prunus dulcis)
- Description: The almond tree is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree that can grow up to 4-10 meters tall. It has lance-shaped leaves and produces pink to white flowers in early spring. The fruit is a drupe, with an outer hull that splits open to reveal the hard-shelled nut inside. Almonds are highly nutritious, rich in healthy fats, protein, and vitamins, and are used in a variety of culinary applications, from snacks to baking and cooking.
- Suitable Cultivars: 'All-In-One', 'Hall’s Hardy', 'Mandaline'
- 'All-In-One': Self-pollinating and noted for its cold hardiness compared to other varieties.
- 'Hall’s Hardy': Known for its better cold tolerance and adaptability.
- 'Mandaline': Bred for improved cold hardiness.
- Preparation: Select a sunny site with well-drained soil. Incorporate organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 6-8 meters apart. Plant in early spring.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to shape the tree and remove dead wood.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to retain moisture. Protect from frost.
Nectarine (Prunus persica var. nucipersica)
- Description: The nectarine tree is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, closely related to the peach tree, and can grow up to 4-8 meters tall. It has lance-shaped leaves and produces pink flowers in early spring. The fruit is similar to a peach but has a smooth skin. Nectarines are juicy and sweet, eaten fresh or used in desserts, jams, and other culinary applications. They are rich in vitamins and antioxidants.
- Suitable Cultivars: 'Hardired', 'Fantasia'
- 'Hardired': Known for its hardiness and ability to perform well in cooler climates.
- 'Fantasia': A hardy variety that can tolerate cooler temperatures.
- Preparation: Choose a sunny site with well-drained soil. Amend with compost.
- Planting: Space trees 4-6 meters apart. Plant in early spring.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to early spring to shape the tree and remove dead wood.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to conserve moisture. Protect from frost.
Peach (Prunus persica)
- Description: The peach tree is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree that can grow up to 4-8 meters tall. It has lance-shaped leaves and produces pink flowers in early spring. The fruit is a drupe with a fuzzy skin, sweet and juicy flesh, and a single large seed inside. Peaches are eaten fresh, canned, or used in a variety of culinary applications, from desserts to savory dishes. They are rich in vitamins, particularly vitamin C and vitamin A.
- Suitable Cultivars: 'Reliance', 'Contender', 'Redhaven'
- 'Reliance': One of the hardiest peach varieties, suitable for colder climates.
- 'Contender': Known for its cold hardiness and disease resistance.
- 'Redhaven': While not the hardiest, it is more tolerant of cooler temperatures than many other varieties.
- Preparation: Choose a sunny site with well-drained soil. Incorporate organic matter.
- Planting: Space trees 4-6 meters apart. Plant in early spring.
- Pruning: Prune in late winter to early spring to shape the tree and remove dead wood.
- Other Suggestions: Mulch to conserve moisture. Protect from frost.
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